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This article explains the consequences of the Islamic identity in the Western societies from a sociological perspective. The extensive literature reviewed in this paper supports the fact that Muslims in the western societies have been substantially affected by such recent events as the 9/11 in the US and 7/7 in the UK. This particularly applies to Muslim women due to their Islamic dress codes. Using logistic regression analysis and the theory of discrimination associated with cultural and religious identity, it also examines whether and how significantly the status of Muslims in the western contexts is associated with their religious identity. Generally speaking, the results indicate the key pattern that those with the Islamic dress codes are more likely to be excluded in the West. 

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This article presents research-based evidence to explore the major patterns and determinants associated with gender stereyotypes. The article employs the combined model of Macionis (2001) and Taylor (2003) in order to measure gender stereotypes. The discussion of this article is based on a survey conducted in rural and urban areas of Mahmoudabad in Mazandaran Province. The saple includes 400 males and females aged 15 years old and over. According to the results of this analysis, two key points can be addressed. First, the presence of stereotypes among males and females is mainly explaind by gender accordance. Second, stereotypes are significantly associated with age, education, religiosity, and rural-urban residence.

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This study primarily aims to examine the cultural and demographic foundations of social trust. The research findings presented and discussed in this paper are based on a survey that includes a total sample of 5200 males and females residing in varying rural and urban areas across Iran. In order to examine social trust more appropriately, it has been classified into three main domains: trust towards family members, trust towards relatives and friends, and trust towards the officials so-called ‘institutional trust’.
Generally speaking, the results of this study have shown that about 95 per cent of the respondents trust family members. The corresponding proportions are approximately two-third and one-third for trust towards relatives and friends and towards institutional trust, respectively. Furthermore, the results have indicated that while the trust towards family members is not significantly affected by socio-demographic determinants, the opposite applies to the two other domains of social trust, particularly to the institutional trust. This suggests that the institutional trust in particular is substantially affected by such demographic determinants as age, gender, place of residence, and education as well as by the determinants associated with religiosity and gender attitude.