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Social development is one of the most pervasive aspects of development. This article has addressed the analysis of barriers to social development in Iran regarding governmental universities faculty members' viewpoints. data collection was done via reviews and survey. The research sample consisted of 131 faculty members selected through purposeful sampling whose view toward social development barriers was questioned. As the first step open reviews were used to identify the main components and then in the second one. The data was collected through structured questionnaire. Face validity and Cronbach coefficient alpha were used to assess the validity and reliability of the assessment tools. The result indicated that the economic, political, cultural, and social barriers had been recognized as the most important ones to social development, respectively. For instance; corruption network, governmental economy, and lack of meritocracy have been considered as the most important barriers to the country social development, respectively. It was concluded that economic and political barriers have been introduced as the most important deterring factors to social development.

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One of the most important issues in social life, that have been busy human minds in different ways is "romantic relationships." The purpose of this study was explored the life experience of love and discover of its inner logic. For this purpose, with a phenomenological approach, 14 students (Isfahan University and Isfahan University of Technology) who had experienced "love" were interviewed in depth. Interviewschr('39') contents which, were analyzed with Colaizzi method, indicated that beside the identification of different forms of love, there are common themes of love among different experiences that can be categorized in eleven themes: "The support and mutual acceptance of love and beloved", "The potential of physical and mental nakedness ", "the existence of levels of initial anonymity ", "the existence or the supposition of a kind of supremacy in the beloved," "the belief in the pureeing of the beloved and the relationship", "Choice based on childhood and unconscious experiences", "The experience of distance and accepting joining difficulties," "The ability to imagine a Common future," and "identity convergence." The results show that "the Love" in terms of inner logic is involved with attachment feeling, intimacy, life cycle experiences, and common identity. 

 

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The extent of environmental degradation is increasing and environmental protection requires utilizing the cultural and social capabilities of human communities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the environmental citizenship of residents aged 18 and older in Shiraz and its relationship with social capital and socio-economic variables. The method of this research was a survey and the required information has been collected using a questionnaire. The study sample is 1045 residents of Shiraz who were selected using the Cluster Sampling Method. To evaluate the validity of the questionnaire, factor analysis was used, and to determine its reliability, the internal coordination of the instrument was used by Cronbach's Alpha Method. The results show that the variables of social capital, socio-economic status,  had a positive and significant relationship at the level of 99% with the environmental citizenship variable. There is a significant difference between the environmental citizenship status of the respondents according to their marital status. Married people have stronger environmental citizenship than others. In total, the independent variables explained 15.3% of the changes in the dependent variable of environmental citizenship. Environmental citizenship and social capital are synergistic. Strengthening social capital and its elements is important for strengthening environmental citizenship.