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In the Iranian traditional culture, women's employment is not considered as a necessary matter because men are responsible for supplying the economic needs of family. On the other hand women’s interests and capabilities do not limit to the domestic activities and they can act beyond their domestic roles and much of them are interested to participate in the socioeconomic activities. Recent researches show that for Iranian women the social and psychological profits of employment have been more important than economic autonomy which it brings. Hence in this research we have tried to recognize the different aspects of this issue using the knowledge and experiences of executive managers. We choose these managers from the organizations of Tehran city. The research data has been gathered by interview. The findings show that all the managers believe in the economic, social and psychological importance of women’s employment but women had more emphasis on the economic necessity and men had more emphasis on the social necessity of women’s employment. Moreover most of the managers believed that women's employment has both individual and socio economic benefits so we need to remove the structural and cultural obstacles of women’s employment and provide the appropriate conditions for their optimum employment.

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This paper has attempted to examine the difference between generations in term of family values in rural areas. In this study, the method of research is Analytical and comparative. The bulk of the data has collected based on field studies of the area. Statistical population of 1154 household sample survey with 219 households as of the Cochrane systematic random sampling method selected. Results show that there are significant differences between different generations within the family values. The differences in the dimensions of relationship between boy and girl, criterion of selecting spouse, features of a good man for marriage, living of two generations together and suitable age of girls to marry have been approved. But among local- spatial factors and rate of intergenerational differences in the term of family values in studied rural, no significant correlation has been observed.

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One concern of all governments and nations is to preserve national identity. Cultural and historical heritage Survival and stepping into the path of comprehensive development depends on building social harmony and integration. Strong sense of national identity enables the achievement of these goals. In this regard, the capacity of the family at strengthening national identity is considered. In this context, for the field research, students of Amouzegari University, Dushanbe, Tajikistan were selected (a similar study can be effective to assess other sociability resources, including cultural institutions, religious institutions, policies institutions etc. that demands other researchers’ efforts). Upcoming research used questionnaires of 373 out of 9000 students from the University (using Cochran's formula) randomly selected, and data were collected by the researcher. Then, using SPSS software, data were analyzed. At the end, results presented with offers.

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The family as a social institution has experienced dramatic changes during recent decades. These changes had influential effects on the situation of the members, especially children, within the family. Using the data from the “Time Use Survey”, conducted in urban areas in 2008 and2009, this paper aims to analyze the effect of the mother's employment on the achievement of human capital by children aged 15-19 years. Findings showed that children of employed mothers spend more time in human capital achievement activates than the others. This is in consistent withpreviousstudies. It reflects the fact that the income generated from the employment is invested in children'shuman capital.Further analysesclarified thatthe effect of the mother's employment ties with the effect of her level of education. Most employed motherswere highly educated as well. The combination of the employment and the education showed to have stronger effect on the human capital achievement. The positive effects of the mother's occupational rank, and hours spent on paid-work also revealed the positive effect of income on children's human capital achievement.

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Social capital is a form of capital along with economic and cultural capital by which the individual can access to the available resources and support within different groups and society. The main purpose of the present research is to examine the different levels of social capital among men and women. It is assumed that men and women enjoy differential levels of social capital due to the cultural and social differences and gender inequalities. The study is a secondary analysis based on the data gathered by Iran University of Medical Sciences, World Health Organization, Tehran Municipality, and Jihad Daneshgahi on 2008 within the project called Urban Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool. The sample is 20670 people aged over 18 years old who live in Tehran. The results indicate that there are no significant differences between men and women in terms of family social capital. However, significant differences are found between men and women in the mean of peer social capital. Men enjoyed higher levels of peer, neighborhood, and total social capital compared with women.

 

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The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of family functioning on Vandalistic behavior among high school students in Javanrood city, Kermanshah province. Various perspectives about deviant behavior, vandalism and family functioning scales are reviewed and the MC Master Model is used to building the theoretical framework and hypotheses. Research method adopted is correlation analysis and survey. Participants are 357 high school students in Javanrood city. Data is analyzed by the SPSS software. The findings show that there is a statistical significant negative relationship between the three dimensions of family functioning (family roles, problem solving, and expressing emotional feelings) and the level of vandalistic behavior in high school students. According to multiple regression  analysis, problem solving with -0/737Beta, emotional express with -0/692 Beta, family roles with -0/069Beta are important predictors respectively. The most important predictor of vandalistic behavior was problem solving in family. 

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This article is about emphasizing of Grbner, Festinger and Giddens, looks into the relationship between the rate of watching TV, program type, attitude to face and the appearance of women in the management bodies and its link with the satellite with the body match, self-esteem and friends’ and family’ attitude. For this purpose, the samples of 410 young women from 18 to 29 years from Tehran, and using a three-stage cluster sampling was selected. Research methodology in this study was survey used for data collection. The results of the data analysis showed that the effect of the existence of a significant relationship between the watch and the type of attitude and between the appearance of women in the satellite and the management of the body. Also, the findings indicate that there is a relationship between the attitude of the guys with satisfaction and body management. Also self-esteem also has a relationship with the consent of the body.

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 Over time relationships that lead to different demands, attitudes and needs of men and women and then away they are from each other. In the past, the divorce rate is quite significant and progressive process led to the neglect of other family crisis. Emotional Divorce is one of the serious damage that the most important factor in the rupture of the most fundamental structures of society namely the family. The present article seeks to emphasize the relationship of family dysfunction (disorder) to investigate the factors affecting on their emotional divorce in the city of Noshahr. The research method is a questionnaire survey and measurement. The population includes all married men and women in the city Noshahr. The sample size was estimated based on the sample of 390 people. Data were collected by using a questionnaire. The results showed that emotional divorce has a significant relationship with lack of joint consultation, lack of common synchronization, lack of common well-being and lack of common violence. all of these variables as well as the structural model explained 57 percent of  alteration of the dependent variable (emotional divorce)

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Access to justice is a concept that implies the practical and operational dimension of accessing individuals in judicial institutions and solving their legal problems.Equality of access to justice for all segments of society is really important, but most women have faced difficulties in accessing judicial institutions, especially in family matters.The emphasis of this paper is on the impact of cultural barriers on women's access to family justice within the current context of society. With regard to the annual growth of women who go to family courts, consideration of the issue from the perspective of women can be more important.Based on this, a qualitative method is adopted with deep interview technique. The findings of the study are the result of in-depth interviews with 50 women having experience of family court. The results of this research show that, from the perspective of respondents, the effective cultural barriers to access to family justice are including cultural values, lack of self-confidence and self-esteem, religious beliefs, education and specialized knowledge of the subject, patriarchy, language, structure and gender stereotypes.Also, according to the intersectional theory, the intersection of cultural barriers with the underlying factors of the respondents can be formed different experiences within the same context.

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This study primarily aims to examine the cultural and demographic foundations of social trust. The research findings presented and discussed in this paper are based on a survey that includes a total sample of 5200 males and females residing in varying rural and urban areas across Iran. In order to examine social trust more appropriately, it has been classified into three main domains: trust towards family members, trust towards relatives and friends, and trust towards the officials so-called ‘institutional trust’.
Generally speaking, the results of this study have shown that about 95 per cent of the respondents trust family members. The corresponding proportions are approximately two-third and one-third for trust towards relatives and friends and towards institutional trust, respectively. Furthermore, the results have indicated that while the trust towards family members is not significantly affected by socio-demographic determinants, the opposite applies to the two other domains of social trust, particularly to the institutional trust. This suggests that the institutional trust in particular is substantially affected by such demographic determinants as age, gender, place of residence, and education as well as by the determinants associated with religiosity and gender attitude.

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Power structure in family plays important role in formation of favorable relationships between family members and can guide the process of dialogue. The present study intends to explore power structure by emphasizing how dialogue is formed in the context of Yazdi families. Based on the type of research question, qualitative methodology and considering the process of the problem, grounded theory method was used. Using theoretical sampling, 31 couples from normal families in Yazd were selected and interviewed in depth.The collected data were analyzed using open, axial and selective coding. In open coding stage, the analyzed data were presented in 60 secondary categories, 25 main categories and core category entitled "Crystallization of complicit Patriarchy in Family dialogues". In axial coding stage, the research paradigm model and in selective coding stage, the theoretical scheme of the research was presented. Explaining the results shows that power structure in family, although still applied in the gendered public space, but have been some changes. These changes are often accompanied by a shift from hegemonic patriarchy to complicit patriarchy and dialogue in this context is accompanied by compromise or initial  transition from complicit patriarchy.

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Increase of age of marriage is a problem and damage that, if not monitored, will cause depression, decrease in life expectancy and productive activity in the country. The purpose of this research is to investigate the most important factors affecting the delay of marriage age in Nowshahr city. The research is applied and descriptive-analytical. Library and field methods (questionnaire) have been used to collect information. The statistical population of the research is the households of Nowshahr city, according to Cochran's formula, the sample number of 384 people was questioned through simple random sampling. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed with the help of ten professors in the cultural field of the city and the final questionnaire was prepared. The reliability level of the research questionnaire was obtained using Cronbach's alpha method of 0.74. Descriptive and inferential statistics (exploratory factor analysis test) were used for data analysis. The findings of the research show that the result of the reduction of 29 variables was 3 factors, which are economic, social and cultural factors. As a result, the more the economic and material conditions of young people are prepared as the basic foundations for marriage, the more their desire to form a joint life increases.
 

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The fundamental changes during the last few decades have resulted in a variety of concepts and perspectives about the family. The present study provides a summary of the theories in the form of naturalist and constructivist by reviewing and detailing the theories. This study also clarifies the conflict over the position of the family and its future, as well as the theoretical logic of the current analyses in a more general horizon. In this study, the research layout is of a qualitative type and the theoretical approach of genealogy is conducted with a thematic analysis method and categorization technique.  The theoretical reading of the family under the naturalistic type has resulted in the advent of the continuity-rupture duality which has formulated the bipolar type of the family in crisis or the ideal family. Furthermore, the reading of the conceptual space of the family under the constructivist type has led to an unprecedented definition including different types of perceptions of the family. Based on the research findings the naturalistic type in family sociology has led to the formulation of the continuity-rupture theories. However, its alternative approach namely the constructionist type has enabled the possibility to encounter family changes, not in the sense of rupture, but as a lifestyle change. This study is of paramount importance due to passing the theories of rupture and considering new possibilities in the theoretical return to the family.

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