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This paper studies socio-economic factors affecting begging phenomenon in the city of Mashhad. So, sociological and social policy approaches are used to clarify theoretical and conceptual dimensions of panhandling. Also, qualitative method and related techniques such as in deep and unstructured interviews and observation (of ways of begging) are used to collect the research data and information.  The study is based on the argument that the phenomenon of panhandling is concerned with two groups of factors including indirect (environmental enabling) and direct (individual) ones. The research findings indicate that such factors as the very identity of the city of Mashhad from the point of view of religiosity and immigration as well as features of the very beggars such as having an unfavorable physical state, the low level of education, family unfavorable situation, lack of basic capabilities, poverty and unemployment were determinant factors that intensified each other and led to the emergence of inability state and to the acceptance of begging role. The latter is also enforced and sustained through a socio and psycho humiliating process. On the contrary of the prevailing perspective that blames beggars in moral degradation and lack of laziness, the paper concludes that poverty and insolvency and related variables play higher roles in this process.

 

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Social exclusion is a long-term deprivation that leads to separation from the main stream of society. The process by which certain individuals and social groups are excludedfrom society and marginalized. This study has been compiled with the aim of relationship between social quality and social exclusion of Jogi and Godar ethnic minorities in Mazandaran province. research method is survey and the most important tools for datacollection isa researcher-made questionnaire. Statistical population of study is the society of Godars and Jogies live in suburbs . The sample size is 277 that randomly selected by multistage cluster sampling method. .Based on research findings, there is a relationship between social quality and social exclusion. There is a relationship between social quality and the dimensions of social exclusion as well. Since most of the components have obtained a desired score, so the structural equations have sufficient fit and goodness .Other results  is that the main variables of research , variable of social quality with its components on the one hand and also the variable of social exclusion on the other hand show an unfavorable situation among the subjected statistical sample. This is also true to a large extent for primary or contextual variables.

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