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Social capital is a form of capital along with economic and cultural capital by which the individual can access to the available resources and support within different groups and society. The main purpose of the present research is to examine the different levels of social capital among men and women. It is assumed that men and women enjoy differential levels of social capital due to the cultural and social differences and gender inequalities. The study is a secondary analysis based on the data gathered by Iran University of Medical Sciences, World Health Organization, Tehran Municipality, and Jihad Daneshgahi on 2008 within the project called Urban Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool. The sample is 20670 people aged over 18 years old who live in Tehran. The results indicate that there are no significant differences between men and women in terms of family social capital. However, significant differences are found between men and women in the mean of peer social capital. Men enjoyed higher levels of peer, neighborhood, and total social capital compared with women.

 

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The aim of the present paper is empirical and theoretical explanation of the relationship between the religious and self-actualization. This study is performed by survey method among students of Yazd University. Also according to Cochran's formula, the sample is selected using stratified method equivalent 272 people. Based on the results, the degree of religiosity and self-actualization are more between women than men. In terms of statistical, religiosity has a positive and significant relationship with self-actualization. Also among dimensions of religious, the Outcome dimension has the strongest relationship with self-actualization. To explain the relationship between two variables, structural equation modeling (SEM) is used, that impact factor equivalent 0.21, indicates a positive relationship between these two variables

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The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of family functioning on Vandalistic behavior among high school students in Javanrood city, Kermanshah province. Various perspectives about deviant behavior, vandalism and family functioning scales are reviewed and the MC Master Model is used to building the theoretical framework and hypotheses. Research method adopted is correlation analysis and survey. Participants are 357 high school students in Javanrood city. Data is analyzed by the SPSS software. The findings show that there is a statistical significant negative relationship between the three dimensions of family functioning (family roles, problem solving, and expressing emotional feelings) and the level of vandalistic behavior in high school students. According to multiple regression  analysis, problem solving with -0/737Beta, emotional express with -0/692 Beta, family roles with -0/069Beta are important predictors respectively. The most important predictor of vandalistic behavior was problem solving in family. 

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Different requirements in various ages from one hand and generational differences on the other hand, due to distinctive historical experiences, have caused groups to have different tendencies, necessities and different trends in lifestyle.  Therefore cultural policies for different groups are different and have been regards to these differences. This paper concerns on different lifestyles and the sense of necessity of different groups of ages among the 1^st zone citizens. The question to this paper is: How is the 1^st zone citizens’ lifestyle different according to different groups of ages? The results of this paper are derived from a survey with a probability sampling ad with the help of questionnaires in the named zone. Results show there are considerable differences based on groups of ages, including type of sports, the way of exercising, the amount of exercise, and the rate of using social and cultural programs, the desire of the content of the program, the desire to participation and the level of satisfaction of cultural and social programs.

 

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Nowadays the attitude from investment of physical capital has turned into the cultural capital that represents the non-economic forces such as the so-called cultural capital, family background, social class, varying investments and commitment to education, different resources, etc. Cultural capital as the cultural competence bases, trends and ideas that define the most important mechanism in the reproduction of social hierarchy is considered.

This study focuses on examining the impact of cultural capital and cultural capital on students' scientific study. Other goals include subjective aspects, objective and institutions. The study seeks to answer the question that how scientific and cultural capital affect students? The researchers sought to test the hypothesis that it is, is as follows: It seems that cultural capital through the mental aspects, objective and scientific institutions on students can be effective. The sample is 385 students from Tehran, allameh tabatabaee, beheshti and Azad universities.  Results show that Pearson correlation coefficient equal to 0/566 the objective by a factor of 0/477 and the institutional dimension by a factor of 0/525 has an effect on students' scientific production.

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This study assesses organizational atmosphere Amol Municipality and the important of its affect on urban management. Its population is all the municipality and affiliate organizations employees and 280 questionnaires are collected. The research method in this Study is analytical and descriptive. The data collection includes standardized questionnaires Halpyn and Kraft (OCDQ-1963) for organizational atmosphere. In order to examine the internal reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha coefficient is used (0/84). In Analyzing the data, Kolmogorov Smirnov test, t test and analyzing variance (ANOVA) were used. The result show that difference between organizational atmosphere of Amol municipality and affiliated organizations is significant (p= 0/000). Among the organizations studied, respectively, the residual (88/35 ± 7/93) and the ICT (55/92 ± 13/52) have the highest and lowest favorable atmosphere organizations. In terms of gender (p = 0/725), marital status (p= 0/268), age groups (p= 0/767), education (p= 0/587), work experience (p= 258) and employment status (p= 0/412) the results show that the correlation between organizational atmosphere and affiliated organizations Tehran Municipality there is no significant difference (p>0/05). Overall, the findings showed that the atmosphere Amol city (      = 75/13) and organizations (  = 77/13) from the ideal distance (  = 100-128).

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The main question of this paper is about the electoral behavior of university students, as one of the main indicators of political development, and the role of social on this matter. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between social networks and electoral behavior among the students of the University of Isfahan. Method of collecting and analyzing the data is survey method. This study was conducted on 174 male and female university students To collect data, a questionnaire was used to validate the formal method, and its reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha and the data were analyzed using SPSS software under the Windows environment. The social network is divided into three dimensions, construction, interactive and functional, with regard to the three aspects of the electoral behavior of watching, medium and active it can be seen that the greatest impact of social network features and functional characteristics of the students had little impact on voting behavior.

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The aim of this study is to compare the intergenerational preferences in developed, developing and underdeveloped provinces of Iran. First, preferences into social, political, economic, cultural and environmental dimensions totally among generations are compared. Second, the system of preferences is compared in developed, developing and underdeveloped provinces. The method of the research is survey and its technique of data gathering is secondary analysis from 5th Wave data of World Values Survey (2005-2008). The findings show that the most gap among generations is seen in social preferences and the fewest gap among generations is seen in preferences environmental. The most gaps among generations is always seen into social, economic and cultural dimensions in developed provinces. In environmental preferences the fewest gap is seen among generations in developed, developing and underdeveloped provinces of Iran.

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The rise of the constitutional movement (Mashrootiat) was an introduction to the changes in the traditional society of Iran. This movement (constitution) has led to social and cultural development since it required some orientations to make different groups of people – either intellectuals or illiterates– familiar with the political, social and cultural modernized waves. These orientations were provided through translating European books into Persian, Iranian people’s relationship with people from other countries, intellectual’s knowledge of science and culture, college students and industrial effects, renewal and modernizing the whole country. After the familiarization, there were developments in all aspects of an individual life. During this period, Iran’s literature accepted the cultural changes and developments due to the new ways of social and political activities in the country. In order to be in harmony and adopt these developments for achieving the public’s goal, there was a desire in literature for new method and style considered by the poets and writers. MirzadehEshqi is one of the most active poets and the most effective figure in the literature during the constitutional movement. He realized the need for the change more than others and revealed this important factor in his poems. MirzadehEshqi is a pioneer in applying a new style in Persian poetry while maintaining its origin. During the wave of asking for development and changes, MirzadehEshqi – in his short life – made some changes in the shape, language and content of the poem considered as a significant movement.

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This research is about social consensus and the effective factors on it in Dehdasht (A city of kohkiloieh and Boier ahmad state). 389 Participants were 15 years old and older, used multistage cluster sampling method and a questionnaire as an instrument that was used for the data collection. The results have shown that social participation, specific social confidence, general social confidence, or social confidence generalized and social economic status have the direct and meaningful relation with dependent variable and so sense of anomie, fatalism, sense of comparative deprivation have the opposite and meaningful relation with the social consensus. Regeration analyses have shown interred variable in this investigation explain 37 per cent of dependent variable variance and here social participation plays the most role in variance explanation of the social consensus. Pass Analysis results have shown social-mental economic status and general social trust don’t have any effect on universalism explanations but have an indirect effect on universalism through deprivation sense and Social participation.

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This study is qualitative design that considered a qualitative analysis of social trust trend of Afghan immigrant elites living in Mashhad. Distrust of immigrants to society and marginalization can create disturbances in conformity, discipline and social integration understanding the elites Trust is important The reason is that they transfer the culture of trust or mistrust to Afghan migrants and Afghanistan society. Focused group discussion was used on five groups of 5-3 persons and Data collection continued until saturation stage. 22 samples were selected using theoretical sampling. The results show that the distrust is in a high level. This distrust is mainly institutional distrust. Structural characteristics of Iran and its institutions and organizations are the most important factors of distrust. Humiliation and discrimination of afghan immigrant are the main reasons of the distrust. It has shaped the immigrant experience during their residency. According to the results, distrust has occurred by the loss of deep trust in the first generation of immigrants to Iran that has been created after revolution. According to Sztompka theory, it is difficult to repair.

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Electoral participation, as an important form of political participation, is important in discussions of political sociology and sociology of elections. Modernization theory is one of the major theories to explain electoral participation. Part of the impact of modernization on political participation is done through education. This paper shows that the effect of education on electoral participation is more complex than it is emphasized that modernization theory. This article examines the educational development and electoral participation through critical review of other studies, secondary analysis and Sub-national comparative study. Looking at the overall statistics, the literacy rate of electoral participation between 1978 to 2005, there is a contrasting relationship that is inconsistent with the findings of other researchers. This article article is intended to report on this relationship. This analysis showed that nine presidential elections, despite the findings of other researchers, there is not a direct positive relationship between Literacy rates of electoral participation. Given the fact that our data were limited, efforts will be the seventh presidential election (1997) to be analyzed as a case study. Comparison showed in 1997 in the provinces of Iran, between electoral participation and the literacy rate, there is a contrasting relationship as an inverted U shape. Subgroup analysis showed that participation in elections directly related to education and electoral participation is more complex than the theories of modernization. The results showed a relationship between educational development and political participation is determined by the the type of literate people's jobs and their dependence on government.

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The rise of various religiosity and new religious identities from one hand and the prevalence of modern life styles in Iran from the other hand are due to common modern lifestyles. However, much research show that religion still plays a significant and effective role in directing lifestyles. This situation requires studying the role of religious beliefs on resisting the consumerist modern culture and understanding the relationship between religious identity and modern life styles. This research has been done among Tonkabonian women and tried to investigate the acceptance or resistance of these women against the consumerist culture or its combination with the religious culture which ever advises moderate consumption. The women studied in this research have purposively been chosen from the married ones of Tonekabon city and categorized in four types based on the amount of religiosity and employment. The research findings show some relationships between religiosity and lifestyles among them, that is, the religiosity affects accepting or resisting modern lifestyle and its components (leisure activities, mode of shopping and consumption, and the kind of social communications). It means that the more religious women were the less they followed modern lifestyle. Moreover the comparison between the religious working and non-working women shows that the employment made no difference in their approaches to mode lifestyle and consumption but in either of them, religious attitudes have had more influence on their everyday lifestyle. The findings also indicate that working women lifestyles differ from nonworking women. The working women often spend their leisure outside of home with previous planning in a more favorable and useful way, division of housework in their home is more participatory and most of them consider both applied and aesthetic criteria for shopping.

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Local and ethnical awareness has highly increased in the contemporary age. Especially, some people believe that factors such as globalization have intensified ethnical sentiments followed by weakening of national identity. On the contrary, some others believe that the increase of ethical tendencies is not in conflict with national identify of people and can be improved. Today, experimental examination of each of these viewpoints in the societies with various ethnics and languages is considered as a necessity because adopting identity-based policies in such societies and especially in Iran requires constant observation and monitoring of tendency level of active population and especially young individuals of the society in national and ethnical identity. The present research aims at examining the relationship between national and ethnical identities among Kurd, Turkish, Lor and Fars students at the University of Tehran in the academic year 2013-14 and their backgrounds were also considered. A surveying method was used to collect data extracted by distribution of a questionnaire among 294 samples and the data was then analyzed by SPS22 software. Findings indicate that despite common popular beliefs among some viewpoints, there is no contradictory relationship between national and ethnical identities. The findings of this research show that there is a positive and synergic relation between national and ethnical identities. Moreover, analysis of the effect of their background on national and ethnical identities indicate that gender, field of study and level of education are the most predictors of national identity and type of religion predicts the highest variance of national identity among students.

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Achieving the national and regional development is an ideal desire for any community. Regarding cultural effect on development, the emergence of potentials such as cultural skills and products can significantly improve the social welfare. The main aim of this article is to evaluate the cultural development (i.e., cultural indexes) of Yazd townships during a decade (from 2002 to 2011). This investigation can be considered as an applicable research type and as analytical-descriptive study from methodological viewpoint. To this end, necessary data were obtained from evidence records and library studies, in which a numerical taxonomy technique was used in order to analyze the data. Statistically, the research included 10 townships of Yazd province in 2002 and also 11 townships of this province in 2011 according to the last country political subdivisions and official divisions of province in that year. Based upon the findings of this article, the studies show that the townships of Ardekan, Bahabad respectively in 2002 and 2011 were known as the most prosperous townships, while the townships of Tabas and Yazd were known as the non-prosperous townships. The townships such as Khatam and Tabas were under cultural development level from 2002 to 2011 and they are among non-prosperous townships. The township of Yazd in 2011 due to the high population growth and mismatch Development of cultural indicators with population growth was known as the non-prosperous township. It is necessary for the authorities to consider planning as the central role of this township in Yazd province.

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This article is about emphasizing of Grbner, Festinger and Giddens, looks into the relationship between the rate of watching TV, program type, attitude to face and the appearance of women in the management bodies and its link with the satellite with the body match, self-esteem and friends’ and family’ attitude. For this purpose, the samples of 410 young women from 18 to 29 years from Tehran, and using a three-stage cluster sampling was selected. Research methodology in this study was survey used for data collection. The results of the data analysis showed that the effect of the existence of a significant relationship between the watch and the type of attitude and between the appearance of women in the satellite and the management of the body. Also, the findings indicate that there is a relationship between the attitude of the guys with satisfaction and body management. Also self-esteem also has a relationship with the consent of the body.

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Present study examined the status of culture of Sport and Youth Organization of Northern Khorasan and determine its relationship with Organizational Identity. This study, in terms of purpose is applied and in terms of data collection is descriptive - correlation. research statistical population was all of the employee of  sport and youth organization of northern khorasan with 105 persons that all individuals comments were taken. Research instruments including: organizational culture- denison and organizational identity- mael & ashforth. Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and Enter- regression test . Results revealed that there is posetive significant relation between organizational culture and its dimensions with organizational identity. Furthermore, the results indicate that the organizational culture variables can significantly predict the changes of corporate identity. Also Results suggest that organizational culture in all four dimensions is greater than the average. Based on the research findings can be expected with improve of  statuse of organizational culture, organizational identity of people will increase.

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Citizenship as a social phenomenon is a central component of modern democratic political systems and key indicators to demonstrate democracy in a modern society. Citizenship requires a sense of community membership. Cultural and social development and active citizenship require active citizens and active citizenship requires a sense of citizenship. Current study is an evaluation about the role of social capital and cultural capital in the sense of citizenship among people of Kashan. The sample size for this study was 318 citizens and for conducting a questionnaire -based survey method for assessing the validity Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used. In this paper, four dimensions were considered for sense of citizenship, they are a sense of equality of opportunity , equality of distributive sense , sense of equality of participation, and a sense of social identity, Based on the results, sense of Kashanian citizensWith an average of 2/47 in the range of 1-4 is in average level. Social capital, including trust, integrity, collaboration and social knowledge with an average of 2/98 in the range of 1-5 and cultural capital with a moderate level of mental, physical and institutional, With an average of 1/88 in the range of 1-5 are also below average. Research findings show relationship between social capital, the sense of citizenship and cultural capital. This means that the greater degree of social capital and cultural capital among citizens would lead to more of a sense of citizenship.  

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This study examines factors influencing tendencies to hijab between citizens of Gorgan. In this context, the authors seek to answer the question, what is the tendency of the hijab between citizens of Gorgan and what factors affect it? Due to this question in the context of this study, several hypotheses have been formed and different theories have been used in the veiling, to explain it. The main ideas in this section are used, the ideas in the framework of economic, social, demographic, cultural etc are raised. To collect data for this study a questionnaire was used. The study sample consisted of 626 citizens of Gorgan and sampling method is random. Results based on questionnaire data show cultural, social, familial, personal, and economic factors sorted by importance, have positively significant correlation with the tendency to hijab, and among the seven underlying variables, age, income, integrity and consumption of media sort by importance, has significant positive or negative correlation with the tendency to hijab. So, the integrity and age have positive correlation, and consumption of media and income have negative correlation and underlying variables of trust, social class, and education has no significant correlation with the tendency to hijab.