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Aims: This study was conducted to Comparison of the effects of competitive and non-competitive physical activity on the social development of 7 to 9 and 10 to 12 year old students.

Methods: Semi-experimental pretest-posttest design with two competitive and non-competitive physical activity random groups used for the present study. The participants were 200 elementary school male students in Khalilabad during the year 2016. participants of two schools assigned randomly to competitive physical activity group and the students in the other two schools were assigned to the non-competitive physical activity group. Winelend Social Growth Scale was given to the participants as pre-test. The treatment was totally 12 weeks and two sessions per week. At the end of the experiment post-test was conducted.

Findings: The results of Multivariate covariance analysis showed the meaningful impact of competitive- noncompetitive activities interaction with age category (P = 0/005  and f _(1,199) =7/89).

Conclusion: The competitive and non-competitive activities have different effects on students' social growth of 9-7 and 12-10 years old. As a result it can be used as a positive interventions to improve social development of the students.

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Henry Ford created a system that consisted of syndicate, accuracy and expertise in company. This creative idea became Fordism phenomenon and helped the affluence andprosperity of economic inthe united state during 1940 to 1960s. He was the first person who used the production line for producing cheap automobile. Not only he created a revolution inAmerica and Europe industry, but also his proposal forintegration the mass products, high wages for workers and low price, effected on economy and societies in twenty century that called Fordism.

      Fordism consequences in Iran were createdon economy, cultural and social fieldsandcaused tofundamental changes in economic, cultural and social structure such as GDP growth, developing industry and services, changes inrelations of  agriculture, increasing cities and rural migration, transubstantiation of traditional culture and replacing western culture, developing new middle classes and changing in social categories and increasing communication tools and growing consumerism.

      Accirding to research subject, the nearest method that help researcher to get first hand information wasoral history method. So,the data were collected by using oral history method and them by analyzing the second doucuments, we investigated the Fordism consequences sociological in Iran.

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Abstract

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between social capital and women’s participation in sport. The study was conducted using survey and the data were collected through questionnaires. The population consisted of women upper than 19 years of age and the sample consisted of 500 women. The sample was selected using multi-stage random cluster sampling. To analyze the data and to test the research model, the researchers used regression and SEM using Amos. The analyses of the data indicated that women in Ilam participate in professional sport (15%), regular sport (188%), health-oriented sport (17%), recreational sport (15.2%), and irregular exercises (8%). Additionally, 26% of women follow no sport activities. Furthermore, the results indicate that social participation (organizational membership and social network), and social trust (interpersonal, general, civil and institutional) can respectively explain .268 and .366 of the variance in sport participation. Together, they explain .59 of the variance in women’s sport participation.

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In this study, using the Network Analysis, the topic of Development and Underdevelopment in Iran, has been studied, with Historical-Experimental Approach and using Secondary Analysis of Empirical Findings. This study is based on analysis of some National Surveys, particular, a National Survey on Iranians Cultural Behaviors and two National Surveys on Iranians Values ​​and Attitudes, which have been conducted, respectively, in the years 1999, 2000 and 2003. Overall, our findings suggest that there are relationships between variables of Social Capital, Social Development. Our assumption in this study was that Lack of Social Capital has led to Lack of Social Development, and this phenomenon, in turn, can play an important role in Underdevelopment of Society. These findings suggest that in terms of some important elements of Social Development, such as Trust in Social Groups, Social Participation, Commitment to the Social Values ​​and Norms, Belonging to National Identity and Culture in Iranian Society, the situation is not desirable. In our opinion, the lack of Social Development would lead to Underdevelopment of Society. Consequently, if we want to achieve the goal of Comprehensive Development of Society, we should provide required backgrounds to increase the levels of Social Capital, and consequently, Social Development.

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Expansion of virtual networks and the Internet has become a major challenge to the traditional forms in which socialization takes place. The aim of this study was to explore the virtual socialization of adolescent students in high schools in Sari, Mazandaran, Iran. The statistical population of this study included all high school students in Sari. The sample population consisted of 380 students selected through multi-stage cluster sampling method. The survey method was used in this research and the data was collected through a questionnaire. The results indicated that the degree to which the students were virtually socialized varied. 64 percent of them showed average socialization, 14 percent high, and 22 percent of them low socialization. The results of multivariate regression analysis, showed that “personal integrity requirements” (β = 0/82), “escape- from- reality requirements” (β =0/4), “social cohesion requirements” (β= 0/35) had greatest impact on the virtual socialization. In addition, the coefficient of determination showed that the independent variables of the study explained 43% of the variance in the dependent variable (virtual socialization). The results also showed that gender did not make a significant difference in the virtual socialization of the adolescent students.  

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The present study seeks to identify the potentials of the development of ecotourism in the view of condition of local community. Urmia Lake is one the largest lakes in Iran which plays an important role in the socio-economic and environmental sectors in this region. However, due to the fact that the lake has shrunk substantially, it brought about national and international concerns.

The study with focus on qualitative methods employed semi-structured interviews in persons and groups and some observations. The study population consisted of all stakeholders concerning the revival of the lake and the potentials of the development of ecotourism in the area. Purposive sampling with snowballing method was used to find the informants. The techniques of SWOT, IEA, and QSPM were employed for strategic evaluations. Based on the results of external and internal factors, it was found that the most appropriate strategy for the development of ecotourism in the basin would be adaptive strategy. Among the identified strategies, the strategy of the formation of integrated management with the function of inter-province for the restoration of Urmia Lake was suggested as the most appropriate strategy for sustainable development of the ecotourism in basin.

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In this paper, has tried by using a descriptive- survey method and with the aim of assessing quality of life in villages of zangvan rural district. This study is based on descriptive - analytical method & and on the basis of objective is of applied studies.The study's sample consisted of all villages with more than twenty household and village rust of zangvan rural district that using formula Cochran, and with method of stratified sampling, 238 households were selected as examples to answer the questionnaire. Indicators and items of the study with regard to the questions, the research goals and similar studies that have been done in Iran in four dimensions: economic, social and environmental factors have been chosen. Analyzed data from questionnaires conducted by SPSS software using T-test and ANOVA. The results Show that based on the views of community sample, the quality of education, quality recreation, quality residential environment, quality infrastructure, quality of income and employment, environmental quality were evaluated below average. The verify quality of health and safety is average Also, in this study were observed a positive relationship between population and the quality of life in the villages.

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«طبقه­بندی اجتماعی» یکی از مفاهیم مهم در حوزۀ علوم اجتماعی به­شمار می­آید. این مفهوم که توزیع افراد جامعه با سطح اقتصادی و اجتماعی مشابه است، برآیند تحوّل و توسعۀ جامعه و پیچیدگی روابط انسانی در زمینه­های گوناگون است؛ امّا در عین حال، در ادوار مختلف منشأ نابرابریهای اجتماعی، توزیع ناعادلانۀ امکانات و در نتیجه رکود جامعه نیز بوده­است. در ایران باستان و به­تبع آن در شاهنامۀ فردوسی که داستا­نهای آن عمدتاً برآمده از خداینامه­های دورۀ ساسانی و منابع پهلوی است، طبقه­بندی اجتماعی و نوع روابط طبقات مختلف، موجد تحوّلات و چالشهای گوناگونی بوده است. مقالۀ حاضر در پی آن است تا ضمن تبیین طبقه­بندی اجتماعی در ایران باستان، این مفهوم را از منظر تحلیل گفتمان در شاهنامۀ فردوسی بررسی کند؛ نقش منابع قدرت و مناسبات ایدئولوژیک را در برجسته­نمایی و طبیعی­سازیِ آن واکاود و تأثیر آن را در فرایند توسعۀ جامعۀ ایرانی در شاهنامه و ایران باستان تحلیل نماید؛ براین اساس، نظام شبه­کاست طبقاتی که موجب توزیع نابرابر قدرت، مالکیّت و حیثیّت اجتماعی به نفع گروهی خاص و به زیان سایر افراد جامعه می­شود، یکی از موانع مؤثّر بر توسعۀ اجتماعی و فرهنگی در ایران باستان -به­ویژه در دورۀ ساسانی- بوده که به تبع آن در شاهنامۀ فردوسی بازنموده شده­است.

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concerns about environmental issues have revealed the necessity of developing changes in the field of consumption and production. Introducing green products as a substitution to common products in the market, which harm to human health and environment and also enriching the culture of green consumption in the society and recognizing effective factors can be solutions for environmental problems. This research has been done with the goal of studying the roles of individually perceived and contextual factors effecting the green purchase intention of consumers with a focus of perceived value dimensions. This study in terms of goal is an applied research and in terms of method is descriptive survey. Statistical sample of this research is the consumers of green products od Bamika store branches from all over Tehran. Method of sampling is by random and data have been collected by questionnaire. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) has been use for analyzing the data with applying SPSS and LISREL softwares. Research results illustrates that perceived environmental responsibility and social norms have the most impact and the external locus of control and environmental visibility respectively, have been in the next orders of effect. Among perceived value dimensions, socially perceived value haven’t a meaningful role.

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This study  aimed  at  investing types and degree of social deviation a many 12-18 years old students of Sari city in academic year 1394-95. the data for the study comes from 384 students, selected by the use of stratified sampling, factor analysis is utilized to classify around 50 Likert-type questions related to different areas of social deviation, to identify main types of deviations, t-tests& Anova are used to examine the existence of meaningful differences a many students subgroups .Finding  show that 5 types of deviations are experienced by the students, including drug addiction(5.5%),vandalism(8.3%)cultural deviations(9.6%)new-formed deviations(14.5%), and nature deviations(15.6%).

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As the most important channel of political communication, mass media can play sensitive and determinant role in political participation. So by the way, doing scientific research about the role of mass media in political participation is very important and have enough necessary. With respect to it, the goal of the study was to identify the relationship between mass media usage and political participation. Based on the opinions of Lerner, implant, Replacement, Mobilization. Research method is survey method; hence 407 citizens with over 19 years old were selected and studied using random sampling. Research – made questionnaire was used to collected data which its validity was approved using nominal validity and its reliability using Cranach' alpha. The results indicated that there is a significant relationship between usage level of TV, press and non – textbook with the level of political participation. It also showed that there are significant different between gender and political participation, where as the measure of male political participation is higher than female 

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One of the main roles of universities is entrepreneurship culture development among students. Accordingly, the aim of this study was investigating influence of internal factors in university on the entrepreneurial culture development among agricultural students of Hamedan Universities. This descriptive research has done by survey method and questionnaire instrument. Research population were included agricultural students of Bu-Ali Sina, Payam Noor and Applied Science Universities (640 students) that selected 160 students as study sample based on Cochran formula. Findings showed that variable suitable creating conditions only have not significant effect among seven factors of internal factors in university. Also, creativity culture had the most impact on entrepreneurial culture. Also, conceptual model of study was good fitness. In finally, according to results, some recommendations have presented at the end of article.

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.  Max weber in his idea and opinions indicate that religion despite its limitation has a way of flexibility and humility coaching's and taught that allows clergyman to give new interpretations feet to new situations

In the course of constitution revolution (enghelab mashroteh) must of clergies not only have been neutral to retrogression of society and didn’t show any reaction but some of them used verses of holy book and religious stories to support  tyrannical ways monarchs they even used religious thoughts in opposition of new liberal education and modern organization. On other hand there were clergy's and intellectuals who seeked to represent independent and liberal interpretation of religious taught

They belief not only religion agrees with new education it also has the same basic principal. Important point is that traditional intellectual all desire development and evolution for (omat shieh »shieh nation« but agree in the course of evolution a major part of religious traditions that is a part of cultural history will be lost they believe by setting new rules social independents and development  and protection of cultural religious history will

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The technological andcommunication-information changes is a manifest feature of contemporary era. The society and culture hadn’t been exempted from these changes either. By developing communication and information technologies, many social and cultural aspects also have been changed. In this study, we attempted to study and analyze the relationship between foreign text and audio media and value system of Shiraz’s youth and teenagers. For this purpose, 400 adolescents of Shiraz were selected based on multi-stage cluster sampling and answered to the questions of researcher-made questionnaire. The dependent variable of the research included different categories and a range of values composed of eight categories namely native, national, global, religious, economic, scientific, social/cultural, and familial values. The foreign text and audio media also was analyzed in detail. The findings of the study showed that there is a meaningful relationship between foreign audio media and five values namely native, national, religious, economic and social/cultural ones. In addition, a meaningful relationship was observed between text media and social/cultural values. 

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Present research sets its goal on investigation of effects of CLOOB social network on member’s social identity. To do so,It’s used the mitture of sociological and relational theories.In order to data collection, it’s used measurement and online questionnaire technique.This study’s statistical community are member’s of CLOOB social network Regarding time limitation and high amount of population in statistical community, volume sample was selected through 385 people Cochran formula with accidental way of sampling.To count indicator validity it’s used formal validity and to count calcvlating indicators, it’s used Cronbach Alpha.Data analysis is done by using SPSS application and data is analysis desecriptive statistics and inference.In descriptive part.it’s used analysis of on variable a descriptine parameters and in inference pait,it’s used 2variabales to test assumptions and multi-variabae Regression to make clear the amount of effect of each independent variable on user’s social identity.The most important findings of this research believe CLOOB channel is one of the reasons that causes the simplicity of acceptancc in increasing & relativity.This change caves the raise of halo holiness of some traditional identity values and rethinking on it.As this research has shown. CLOOB’s member’s are too affected by its atmosphere and they have found their social identity

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The present paper aims to explore mechanisms for marketing in non-profit higher education institutions. In doing so, mix method design was applied. A purposive sample of 10 informants was selected. Findings were organized under mechanisms for marketing development in higher education. Based on qualitative findings, an initial questionnaire was designed. After ensuring its reliability and validity, we administered it with a sample of 120 non-profit deans of higher education institutions. Using PLS, first and second order factor analysis was used to validate the proposed model. Results are presented as follows: The components segmentation: geographical factors, demand behavior (behavior), demographic and psychological; the choice of target market part: components absorbers and market success factors in each section; in the mechanism of positioning: focus on customer perception ,emphasizing the competitive advantage and an emphasis on basic resources; and in mix marketing mechanism part: process, physical evidence, product (educational program), personnel, promotions and pricing were Confirmed.

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This paper is dedicated to understanding and studying tourists’ experiences and  expectations  of  Aliabad,  in  Bafq  of  Yazd  Province,  as  well  as  the  satisfaction  level and factors involved. It features a desert tour site in the close proximity of  Sadeqabad  Village,  receiving  many  guests  in  the  autumn  and  winter.  The  research employed a descriptive-analytical methodology for surveying, in which  the  data  were  collected  by means of questionnaires and sampled by Cochran’s  techniques  in  relation  to  the  substantial  statistical  profile.  So, the research data  of  the  final  256  selected  people  were  analyzed  by  the  dependent  t-test  and  regression testing on SPSS. Findings suggest that visitors had a better experience of the attraction  and social factors than what they had expected, further proved by the significant  gap  between  the  expectations  and the experiences of the case site, while it was  low  with  the  facilities  and  service  and  economic  factors  when  considering  their  expectation.  Therefore,  the  significance  of  the  statistical  difference  between  the  experience  and  the  expectation  levels  was  confirmed.  Taking the experience factor into account

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The aim of this research is Survey of the social factors influenced at the tendency of citizens to street violence (case study: the city of Urmia).In the present study, The most important applied theories include social disorganization theory of Shaw and McKay, Bandura's social learning, Yuval Davis, Gessen (victimization), Durkheim's anomie, social control Hirsch. The research methodology is a survey method. Urmia citizens’ are as statistical population of this research that 428 citizenship of them, selected as sample bye two steps clusters sampling . In order to collect data, researcher-made questionnaire have been used. The reliability of questionnaire has been estimated in selection as 0.85. And for the validity of construct validity was used. In order to analyze data Pearson correlation and step wise regression were applied . The main results include that there is a significant and direct and positive relation between street violence with Fading of religious beliefs, decline of morality in popular culture, Lack of ethics in relations between authorities, Lack of proper execution of laws by responsible organizations, Non-observance of traffic norms, Drawing attention, Victimization, Loss of social capital, ethnicity. Result of Stepwise regression analysis showed that citezens’  street violence is more under effect of Victimization.

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The purpose of this study was to examine and identify component affecting the development of social competence in organizational communication as well as determine the quality of interaction between these components by using interpretive structural modeling method from the perspective of academic experts. This research is an applied and developmental as well as quantitative and qualitative. Statistical sample is 15 people of academic experts who were selected using snowball sampling. The data collection tool is a researcher made matrix questionnaire. The results showed important components that effective on development of social competence are Social knowledge, motivation, perception, inference, adaptation, and influence, as well as verbal and nonverbal skills, and; that using interpretive structural modeling was placed at five different levels of interaction. Also, The Results showed that Social knowledge, motivation, perception, and inference had more effective than other components on development of social competencies. According to the results, we can say that the components of social competencies at different levels have effect together, and changes in the quality of each component cause changes in quality of other components at same level as well as the next level, and in turn cause changes in the quality of the organizational communication.

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افزایش سواد رسانه‌ای مخاطب عاملی است که مخاطب و رابطۀ مخاطب با رسانه را برای همیشه دگرگون می‌کند و در نتیجه رسانه نیز باید برای ادامۀ نیل به اهداف و انجام مأموریت‌های خود دگرگون گردد. پس از انتخاب سازمان صداوسیما به‌عنوان رسانۀ موردنظر در این پژوهش و شناسایی چالش‌های افزایش سواد رسانه‌ای مخاطبان برای سازمان صداوسیما (تحول در مخاطب و رابطۀ مخاطب با رسانه)، راهبردهای تحولی برای سازمان صداوسیما متناسب با افزایش سواد رسانه‌ای مخاطبان شناسایی شد. در این پژوهش از روش مصاحبۀ عمیق بهره گرفته شد. پژوهشگر با در اختیار قرار دادن «چالش‌های افزایش سواد رسانه‌ای مخاطبان برای سازمان صداوسیما» از مصاحبه‌شونده‌ها درخواست کرد تا راهبردهای خود برای تحول در سازمان صداوسیما متناسب با افزایش سواد رسانه‌ای مخاطبان بیان کنند. پس از انجام 15 مصاحبه و کدگذاری یافته‌ها 95 راهبرد برای تحول سازمان صداوسیما به دست آمد که در 17 بخش با عناوین: اعتماد مخاطب و بی‌طرفی رسانه، مخاطب پژوهی، تکثر تنوع و چندصدایی در رسانۀ ملی، اقناع مخاطبان، درآمدزایی و کاهش هزینه‌ها، محصولات نمایشی، نیروی انسانی، فضای مجازی و رسانه‌های اجتماعی، سیاست‌گذاری، رقبا، مطالعات آینده‌پژوهی، محتوای تولیدشده توسط مخاطب، آسیب‌شناسی و اثر سنجی، مزیت رقابتی، نخبگان، برنامه‌ریزی پخش و سرعت طبقه‌بندی شدند.