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In the Iranian traditional culture, women's employment is not considered as a necessary matter because men are responsible for supplying the economic needs of family. On the other hand women’s interests and capabilities do not limit to the domestic activities and they can act beyond their domestic roles and much of them are interested to participate in the socioeconomic activities. Recent researches show that for Iranian women the social and psychological profits of employment have been more important than economic autonomy which it brings. Hence in this research we have tried to recognize the different aspects of this issue using the knowledge and experiences of executive managers. We choose these managers from the organizations of Tehran city. The research data has been gathered by interview. The findings show that all the managers believe in the economic, social and psychological importance of women’s employment but women had more emphasis on the economic necessity and men had more emphasis on the social necessity of women’s employment. Moreover most of the managers believed that women's employment has both individual and socio economic benefits so we need to remove the structural and cultural obstacles of women’s employment and provide the appropriate conditions for their optimum employment.

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After the 1979 Revolution, women in the field of public and higher education achieved substantial improvement. However, employment statistics show that their economic participation has not changed much compared to the pre-revolution era. While considering the mission of higher education, the objective of this article is trying to understand this gap and to seek ways of reducing it. The research method is based on the study of the gap through documents and interviews with educated or working women and professionals. The study concludes by stressing on the most important reasons of this disparity which could be: little transfer of skills when entering the labor market, weak professional identity among girls, as well as structural discrimination based on gender division of labor in society.

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 (Qualitative study of women in Hamedan). Subject of the study includes women who enjoyed the highest indices of body management who resided and settled in Hamedan Province in 2015.  Methodology of the study is of “qualitative” type, so that open in-depth interview in semi- structured form is used in this study for collecting data. The sampling method in this study is “purposeful” and includes women belonging to 1980s. In this study, the following variables [including marital status, level of education, ethnicity (Fars, Lor, Kurdish and Azari dialects) and also social class (upper, middle and lower)] have been taken into consideration in selecting samples. For this purpose, a number of 25 women, aged 24- 33 years, took part in this study and showed their willingness to be interviewed. According to the results of this study, factors affecting body management of women, who were born in 1980s, were classified into three levels as follows: Micro- level factors (including lack of self confidence, fear of being alone and personal satisfaction,.), Mid- level factors (social acceptance, solution to achieve many goals of girls in the future), Macro- level factors (rising Erotic Capital values among women, create differences between generations and critical review, value shift)­.

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Abstract: Introduction: Women are half of active population in every country. This half of population is not only objecting of any development but also is the effective leverage in advance of economic development goals. Goals: The goal of this research is to study of factors effecting on level of women social participation in Mazandaran province cooperative production in year of 1390. Research method: This research is study descriptive- analytical from cross- sectional. The study is survey and the theoretical framework of this research is Parsons' theory of social action. The research population is 1472 people from women who are selected and studied based on Cochran formula that the samples of the population are 305 and the members of the population are selected by simple random sampling. Findings: T he survey shows that there isn't any meaningful relationship between women's activism and their social participation, but there is meaningful relationship among generality, rationalization, evaluation of the benefits of participation, social trust , hope for the future, married and women's education with their social participation. Results: Results of findings of regression model shows that variables as education, social trust, hope for the future, generality have the highest effective on women's social participation in turn. The 8th independent variables can explain 0.42 percent of changes related to the dependent variable.

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Abstract

The main objective of this paper is to identify and evaluate women’s status in cultural policies and planning of the first to fifth development plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Two other objectives of the study are as follows: to evaluate the success of cultural plans and policies in development plans and to recognize the pattern of cultural policy and planning of the Islamic Republic about women.

The method of study is descriptive analytical method and data collection method is library-based. The unit of analysis is the first to fifth development plans of the Islamic Republic of Iran between 1989 and 2015. Data for this study were collected from primary and secondary sources. Primary sources include official government reports, especially the reports of the Management and Planning Organization, the Statistical Centre of Iran, Center for Women’s Participation, Plan and Budget Organization, the laws of development plans of the Islamic Republic and staff policies of the Cultural Revolution; and secondary sources include books and magazines.

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Social health is the most basic component of social welfare, more than medical interventions, linked to socio-economic factors and one of the central concepts of sustainable development. Health is an issue of its role in promoting human development index is undeniable.

Given the importance of the public health research using field survey and questionnaire techniques to answer the main question is whether the different dimensions of social protection and social health of women heads of households there? The study sample villages in Kermanshah are female-headed households, 300 of them as the sample is examined.
The results indicate that the emotional support (0/34), tool support (0/30), data protection (0/23), evaluative support (0/17) and income (0/27) with social health there is a significant positive relationship and direct women. But there was no significant correlation between age and health. Regression analysis shows that 20% of the variation in social health among female-headed households are dependent on the four dimensions of social protection.
 

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Access to justice is a concept that implies the practical and operational dimension of accessing individuals in judicial institutions and solving their legal problems.Equality of access to justice for all segments of society is really important, but most women have faced difficulties in accessing judicial institutions, especially in family matters.The emphasis of this paper is on the impact of cultural barriers on women's access to family justice within the current context of society. With regard to the annual growth of women who go to family courts, consideration of the issue from the perspective of women can be more important.Based on this, a qualitative method is adopted with deep interview technique. The findings of the study are the result of in-depth interviews with 50 women having experience of family court. The results of this research show that, from the perspective of respondents, the effective cultural barriers to access to family justice are including cultural values, lack of self-confidence and self-esteem, religious beliefs, education and specialized knowledge of the subject, patriarchy, language, structure and gender stereotypes.Also, according to the intersectional theory, the intersection of cultural barriers with the underlying factors of the respondents can be formed different experiences within the same context.

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In this study, the researcher attempted to addresses the relationships within the family from the perspective of relationships between two generations: old women, and young women. What discourses are subject to these relationships and are these discourses close together or considered as obvious sign of the gap between the two generations? The method used by researcher was taking advantage of the qualitative approach, based on an analysis of the position as one of the way of Grounded Theory method and used narrative interviews. Purposefully sample was chosen to the number 20 cases of Tehran citizens . Findings of research showed that the relations among two generations of women in Iranian families is convergent. While there is difference between the traditionalism discourse of elders and forerunner young people. But all two come together in the discourse, which is modernism discourse. And while family has differences, is not in the way of generational threat and still family is an important issue and priority of generations.
  

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This study aims to investigate the mechanisms contributing to the effect of business ads on the social identity of Ianian women. 60 ads of the Iranian TV were analysed by quantitative and qualitative methods. Frequency analysis revealed that the image of a desired and successful woman is mainly affected by these factors; 1) Employers' benefit; 2) discourse type: 3) targer population; and 4) the semantic strategies used in ads. The analysis of verbal ad visual content in detail showed how characterization of women in this medium is inducing a certain metanarrative regarding success. These findings are further analyzed in a critical framework and their relationships with the machnisms of the formation of social beliefs in face of material development of the society are discussed. In conclusion, the signs of a slow and deep change in the attitude of both provate and state sectors involved in advertisement are clarified.

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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the tendency toward fertility and its social and cultural factors. Fertility and tendency to it are a multifaceted variable that is studied in various sciences. In this research, sociological dimension has been addressed. The dependent variable is a tendency to fertility and independent variables are divided into two parts: social variables (women's education and employment) and cultural variables (gender preference and gender equality). The statistical population of married women aged 20-44 is Tehran. The sample size is 384. The research method is scrolling.In the theoretical framework, the modernization theory, the McDonald's gender equality and the cultural rationality, and cultural evolution and cultural environment   have been used. And data analysis is done using spss software. Spearman correlation and regression and path analysis were used. The results showed that there is a significant statistical relationship between social variables such as education and employment of women and cultural variables such as gender equality and gender preferences and fertility tendency, and in the results Regression showed that education was 15.3%, and female employment was 12.8 and gender preference was 11.5 of changes in fertility tendency.  

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The research was conducted with purpose study of Barriers to promoting the managerial position of women in education in Mazandaran province. This research in terms of purpose is applied and in terms of data collection method is descriptive. Statistical population includes all women (teacher, assistant, manager and education expert) employed in Mazandaran province education, 12000 people, finally, 350 people participated in the study. One-stage cluster sampling was used. After studying the theoretical foundations and scientific texts a researcher-made questionnaire was developed and its validity and reliability were confirmed by experts. After studying the theoretical foundations, a researcher-made questionnaire was developed and its validity and reliability were confirmed by experts. The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that social and cultural barriers with 18.47%, psychological barriers with 10%, family barriers with 9.32%, organizational barriers with 9.20% and managerial barriers with 6.78%, respectively. The 5 main reasons for the lack of managerial promotion of cultural women are. Also, in terms of cultural women, "childcare and education" had the highest average with 3.83% and "low creativity in women" with 1.96%. 

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Considering the necessity of women employment and the effective role of tourism in increasing job opportunities in this paper, we investigated the constraints provided by this job by using the experiences of women tour guide. The methodology in this study was qualitative and by using the Grounded Theory method. Data were collected by interviews and observations. Sampling method was targeted with maximum diversity (21 internal and international (input, output) women tour guides, single, married, single-parent, divorced in Tehran) with theoretical saturation criterion. The collected information was analyzed by coded interviews (open, axial and selective) and the collected concepts and categories. The most important category in this investigation was "constraint of tour leader's phenomenon for women” which covers other categories. The findings show that the gender constraints, gender constructs, low Job Status, Job instability, structural and normative pressure, were among the causes of the emergence of the phenomenon of constraints. And also, conditions such as family conflicts, multiplicity and conflict of role, redefinition of maternal and spousal roles, and the strengthening of male attributes can be among the consequences.

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